Profile of Huehueteotl-Xiuhtecuhtli, Aztec God of Fire

Among the Aztec/Mexica the fire god was associated with another ancient deity, the old god. For this reason, these figures are often considered different aspects of the same deity: Huehuetà ©otl-Xiuhtecuhtli (Pronounced: Way-ue-TEE-ottle, and Shee-u-teh-COO-tleh). As with many polytheist cultures, ancient Mesoamerican people worshiped many gods who represented the different forces and manifestations of nature. Among these elements, fire was one of the first to be deified. The names under which we know these gods are Nahuatl terms, which is the language spoken by the Aztec/Mexica, so we don’t know  how earlier cultures knew these deities. Huehuetà ©otl is the â€Å"Old God†, from huehue, old, and teotl, god, whereas Xiuhtecuhtli means â€Å"The lord of Turquoise†, from the suffix xiuh, turquoise, or precious, and tecuhtli, lord, and he was considered the progenitor of all gods, as well as the patron of fire and the year. Origins Huehueteotl-Xiuhtecuhtli was an extremely important god beginning in very early times in Central Mexico. In the Formative (Preclassic) site of Cuicuilco, south of Mexico City, statues portraying an old man sitting and holding a brazier on his head or his back, have been interpreted as images of the old god and the fire god. At Teotihuacan, the most important metropolis of the Classic period, Huehuetà ©otl-Xiuhtecuhtli is one of the most often represented deities. Again, his images portray an old man, with wrinkles on his face and no teeth, sitting with his legs crossed, holding a brazier on his head. The brazier is often decorated with rhomboid figures and cross-like signs symbolizing the four world directions with the god sitting in the middle. The period for which we have more information about this god is the Postclassic period, thanks to the importance that this god had among the Aztec/Mexica. Attributes According to the Aztec religion, Huehuetà ©otl-Xiuhtecuhtli was associated with ideas of purification, transformation, and regeneration of the world through fire. As the  god of the year, he was associated with the cycle of the seasons and nature which regenerate the earth. He was also considered one of the founding deities of the world  since he was responsible for the creation of the sun. According to colonial sources, the fire god had his temple in the sacred precinct of Tenochtitlan, in a place called Tzonmolco. Huehuetà ©otl-Xiuhtecuhtli is also related to the ceremony of the New Fire, one of the most important Aztec ceremonies, which took place at the end of each cycle of 52 years  and represented the regeneration of the cosmos through the lighting of a new fire. Festivities Two major festivities were dedicated to Huehuetà ©otl-Xiuhtecuhtli: the Xocotl Huetzi ceremony, in August, associated to the underworld, the night, and the dead, and a second one which took place in the month of Izcalli, at the beginning of February, related to light, warmness and the dry season. Xocotl Huetzi: This ceremony was related to the collection of the fruits of the earth and the ritual death of plants. It involved cutting a tree and placing an image of the god on the top. Copal and food were then offered to the tree. Young men were encouraged to climb the tree to get the image and gain a reward. Four captives were sacrificed by being thrown into a fire and by having their hearts extracted.Izcalli: This second festival was dedicated to regrowth and regeneration, and the beginning of the new year. All lights were shut down at night, except for one light placed in front of the gods image, including a turquoise mask. People brought game, such as birds, lizards, and snakes, to cook and eat. Every four years, the ceremony included the sacrifice of four slaves or captives, who were dressed like the god and whose bodies were painted in white, yellow, red and green, the colors associated with the worlds directions. Images Since early times, Huehuetà ©otl-Hiuhtecuhtli was portrayed, mainly in statues, as an old man, with his legs crossed, his arms resting on his legs, and holding a lit brazier on his head or back. His face shows the signs of age, quite wrinkled and without teeth. This type of sculpture is the most widespread and recognizable image of the god and has been found in many offerings in sites such as Cuicuilco, ​Capilco, Teotihuacan, Cerro de las Mesas, and the Templo Mayor of Mexico City. However, as Xiuhtecuhtli, the god is often represented in pre-Hispanic as well as Colonial codices without these characteristics. In these cases, his body is yellow, and his face has black stripes, a red circle surrounds his mouth, and he has blue earplugs hanging from his ears. He often has arrows emerging from his headdress and holds sticks used to light fire. Sources: Limà ³n Silvia, 2001, El Dios del fuego y la regeneracià ³n del mundo, en Estudios de Cultura Nà ¡huatl, N. 32, UNAM, Mexico, pp. 51-68.Matos Moctezuma, Eduardo, 2002, Huehuetà ©otl-Xiuhtecuhtli en el Centro de Mà ©xico, Arqueologà ­a Mexicana Vol. 10, N. 56, pp 58-63.Sahagà ºn, Bernardino de, Historia General de las Cosas de Nueva Espaà ±a, Alfredo Là ³pez Austin y Josefina Garcà ­a Quintana (eds.), Consejo Nacional para las Culturas y las Artes, Mexico 2000.

Sociology Poverty and Stratification - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 3 Words: 791 Downloads: 7 Date added: 2017/09/17 Category Sociology Essay Type Argumentative essay Did you like this example? Living with a poverty level income is a difficulty facing many people around the world; poverty is a cultural universal, or trait found in every known culture – not an expression of individual differences. The most basic explanation for this is the trend towards social stratification, the system by which society organizes itself into a hierarchy. In some cultures this is manifest in the form of a caste system in which people who are in poverty have little to no chance of escaping it. In the United States the system is more in the form of a class system in which there is at least some degree of social mobility, and less status consistency allows people in poverty to have the possibility of changing their social status, but rarely the opportunity to do so. In the majority cases the most desirable situation is a meritocracy which ranks people based solely on personal achievements, or achieved status, rather than ascribed status such as being born into a ‘poorâ₠¬â„¢ family. Structural social mobility has resulted in a shift of social position for large numbers of people due to changes on a societal level, but these changes have had both upward and downward effects. The Davis-Moore thesis explains that social stratification has beneficial consequences in society, and is therefore functional, but this has been widely criticized due to its implications that society should prevent the development of individual talent. The resulting system of blue collar occupations versus white collar occupations is easily observed in society today. Around the world a wide variety of people are in poverty. This may be a result of many factors such as a traditional, agrarian society with low income; or a severely stratified economic system as a result of high population growth and little opportunity for education or access to technology. The feminization of poverty also plays a key role in the explanation of poverty worldwide, since there is an increasing trend for more women to be in poverty than men. In the U. S. there are many of the same reason for poverty, but they are more easily defined on the local level. In most cases U. S. citizens who are in poverty are in relative poverty in relation to the rest of the U. S. population; whereas in the world as a whole a greater number of people are in absolute poverty and are barely able to survive on their income, or wages and earnings, and they have very little to no wealth since it is impossible to save any of their money. Ethnocentrism makes it difficult to obtain a clear picture of the conditions of poverty and inequality in other nations and cultures. There are many theories concerning the causes and solution for poverty in the global economy. The two major theories are the modernization theory which explains inequality in terms of technological and cultural difference between nations, and the dependency theory which explains poverty in terms of the historical exploitation of poor, or low-income, nations by rich, or high-income, nations. This theory has manifest itself in a new way in today’s world in the form of neocolonialism; economic exploitation by multinational corporations. Race and ethnicity is key factor to poverty in the U. S. since an African-American is three times more likely to be in poverty than a non-Hispanic white. People with different ethnic backgrounds may experience alienation, or discrimination as a result of their differences with the people around them. Blaming the victim is a common explanation for poverty, but it doesn’t stand up to scrutiny since there are countless factors not all of which can be controlled by the victim or anyone. Gender stratification is another cause of poverty in the U. S. This social structure makes it difficult for a woman especially a single mother to both have a job and to raise children due to the preferential treatment of men in our society, or patriarchy and sexism. This double standard is often explained by the sociobiological argument that men are stronger than women due to natural selection. Age may also play a role in creating poverty. Ageism has made it very difficult for the elderly to advance in society. Young people assume that the elderly are either completely dependent or independent and they rarely will offer reasonable assistance for the elderly. The U. S. and other countries provide aid for those in poverty but rarely have structures in place to prevent people from reaching a state of poverty. Examples of such are shelters, soup kitchens, free clinics and government programs such as TANF or food stamps. In many cases these forms of aid are too temporary or not extensive enough to permanently pull a person or family out of poverty. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Sociology: Poverty and Stratification" essay for you Create order

Dsdds Free Essays

Travis Hunter RL 201 Professor Lauer 11 October 2013 Page 137 Response Sikhnet. com is a website that deals with Just about everything that a Sikh needs to know. In addition, it’s a good website for those who are not Sikh’s to gain more knowledge about this particular religion. We will write a custom essay sample on Dsdds or any similar topic only for you Order Now The website contains a great amount of news, past and present about the Sikh religion. Furthermore, it includes blogs where people can talk to each other about the Sikh religion online as well as the Sikh calendar. There are many audio clips as well as quite a few video clips for the visual learner. They thoroughly explain what meditation is and they explain how one would go about meditating. The website includes lectures in case one is looking to practice their religion or if one is Just curious to learn about this unique religion. In addition, the website includes a radio as well as a link to where you can purchase CD’s and DVD’s. The site even includes mobile apps so that you can have easy access on a martphone. I was very surprised that the website even includes a link called â€Å"Sikh Matrimonials† where Sikh’s can enter their information and look for a significant other that is also a Sikh. An event calendar is also available so that they always know what is going on with the Sikh religion. They also make the site kid friendly by having a bunch of different mint-games. Overall, the site essentially has everything that one needs to know about the Sikh religion. How to cite Dsdds, Papers

Clinical Reasoning Cycle Case Study for Healthcare - myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theClinical Reasoning Cycle Case Study for Healthcare. Answer: Clinical reasoning cycle is one of the best frameworks that enable healthcare professionals to identify various symptoms that are presented by the clients. This model has steps which when by followed by professionals in a sequential manner, helps them to relate the symptoms with the disorders understand their pathophysiology, identify the biological and social determinants of health and thereby recognize the care priorities (Vlayeyen et al., 2015). Following this, the professionals will set goals and plan their interventions that will e sure safety and quality care of the patients. However, professionals should always focus on providing care that is culturally and ethically justified so that the patient can be satisfied with the care they get. This assignment will mainly portray the ways by which clinical reason cycle helps professionals to handle a critical nursing case and help patents to get the best service. The first step is considering the patient situation. Mrs. McKay is a 86 year old widow who has been transferred to residential aged care named Sunset. She has faced a fall previously that had made her undergo hip replacement in acute care hospital. She had also faced a skin tear after bumping on her wheelie walker. She already has Alzheimers diseases and vascular dementia in the early stage. She is intermittently incontinent as she fails to reach the toilet on time. The second step is called the collecting cues or information through the three steps of reviewing, gathering and recalling information. Mrs.Mckay is currently under medication of Paracetamol, aspirin and desmopressin. She is not compliant with the professionals in her activities of daily life. She used to be a strong-minded person and had strong opinions. Although she needs to walk with wheelie walker, she often forgets it. She is suffering from Alzheimers diseases and vascular dementia that needs to be cared by the professionals. The third step is called the processing of information. It is seen that the patient Mrs. McKay is suffering from early stages of Alzheimers disease and dementia. Researchers are of the opinion that this disorder occurs due to two important abnormalities. Plaques are formed when clumps of proteins called beta-amyloid causes damage and destruction of the brain cells in different ways that mainly participate in cell-to-cell communication. Besides, tangles are also formed when threads of tau protein that mainly helps in carrying nutrients through brain are seen to form tangles (Alvarez et al., 2016). This results in failure of the transport system. These factors both result in destruction of brain cells and result in shrinkage of brain. This affects brain functions like memory and cognitive abilities. Moreover, patient Mrs. McKay had undergone hip replacements following fall, which had compromised her mobility and had made her restricted in her movements. She had always been independent and therefore taking support due to her impaired mobility or inability to conduct ADL have made her agitated and affects her self-respect. Therefore, she might be non-compliant with the professionals as taking helps affects her dignity and self-respect. Another important aspect of care is to take care of her wound that might affect her quality life by providing her with pain. Therefore, this should be taken care of in the nursing care plan. The fourth step is called the identification of the problems by synthesizing of facts. From the above discussion, it becomes quite clear that the patient Mrs. McKay is suffering from a number of issues that should be taken care of. She has developed restricted mobility and often forgot to take up her wheelie walker. Therefore, the first care priority would be to develop intervention for fall prevention so that the patient does not suffer from any falls (Santamaria et al., 2015). The second issue is that she is suffering from early stage of dementia and Alzheimers and therefore, she may be seen to suffer from memory loss, social withdrawal, mood swings, distrust in others, irritability, wandering activities, delusions and many others. Already some form of symptoms are visible in her from now only. Therefore, nursing professionals should try their best to care for her in ways by which she can develop her quality life (Breimaier et al., 2015). Moreover, she has faced a skin tear that ma y be painful to her and may make her suffer during healing of the wound, as she has grown old. Therefore, take these three-care priorities should in consideration. The fifth step is called the setting of goal. The first goal would be to conduct a risk assessment of fall for the patient and thereby taking initiatives by which the environment may be made safe for the patient from fall. Second goal would be to take care of her in way that would help to ensure that her symptoms of Alzheimers and dementia are actively controlled and maintained. The third goal would be her proper wound management so that her skin tear in her knee can be managed effectively. The sixth step is called the action taking stage where the nursing individuals need to take interventions for the care priorities chosen. As she is at a risk of fall in the residential care, a wristband should be first provided to patient Mrs. McKay to help so that the healthcare professionals are aware of her risk for fall. Mrs. McKay should be then transferred near the nurse station so that nurses can attend her immediately when called. As she is intermittently incontinent, this would also help her to prevent her from wetting her bed (Gustavvson et al., 2015). Items should be moved near her bed so that she can easily access them without the need for covering a certain distance. This would reduce the fall hazards. The nursing professionals should also position the beds at the lowest possible position. They should make the sleeping position adjacent to the floor that reduces chances of falls. Moreover, the professionals should allow use of bed rails as well as hand rails in the washr ooms and other places possible so that the Mrs. McKay can seek support to when locomotion (Anderson et al., 2015). Moreover, proper arrangement of bright room lighting should also be done. Mrs. McKay should be also encouraged to take on slippers or soles that are non-skid. The patient should be familiarized with the layout of the room and clutters should be removed from her pathways. No light furniture should be which increases the risk of the patient tumbling down (Dowsett Dowsett, 2015). Too much loose clothes should be avoided as it may increase the chance of fall. The professionals should also collaborate with physiotherapist and occupational therapists that would be having physiotherapy sessions to develop her gait, provide her proper assistive service, and teach het to do light free exercises (Boltz et al., 2016). The second priority would be maintenance of her Alzheimer and dementia disorders. The nursing professionals should assess her though process by evaluating her cogni tive, disorientation, issues with communication or changes in thinking patterns. Mrs. McKay is in her early stages, so these issues are not yet pronounced. However, she gets irritated and does not allow anyone to help her in her activities of daily life. Therefore, it is very important for the nurse to develop a therapeutic relationship with the patient where the patient learns to trust and rely on the professionals. Effective communication in a compassionate and empathetic manner may help in developing bond with the patient. Mainly Mrs. McKay is frustrated and agitated as she used to be independent and strong opinionated woman. As she has to depend on the professionals now, her self-esteem is affected (Farina, Rusted Tabet, 2014). Therefore, the nursing professionals should always respect her dignity and autonomy and should always take her informed consent before undertaking her for any activities of her daily life. The better the bond developed between them, the patient will lear n to rely the nurses and would accept help from her. However, the nurse should never connect any activities that would overpower her presence over the client. The client should be treated in a way where she always feels respected and her consent is prioritized. The better the emotional connection with the patient, Mrs. McKay will have better health outcomes. For her skin tear, the nurse should first monitor the sights around the wound once daily for identifying any color changes, redness, swelling, pain, warmth and others. Depending on the status of the wound, care should be taken about the kind of dressing that it needs like whether the wound is dry or wet. Accordingly, wet or dry dressing, lubricants, hydrocolloid dressings would be provided. A sterile dressing technique would be adopted for preventing infection (Cabrera et al., 2015). Care should be taken so that lessened exposure of the skin tear to moisture takes place from incontinence, wound drainage and perspiration. Proper antibiotics should be given and the patients should be advised to prevent rubbing or scratching. A nutritional diet should be encouraged. The last two stages are effective evaluation followed by reflection of the nursing professionals after application of the intervention. The nurses should evaluate the walking posture and the ability of the patient. The patient should be able to walk properly with a steady gait and should be free from any risks of fall. Secondly, the patient would successfully participate in her ADL activities conducted by the nurses after effective therapeutic relationship development. The nurses should also evaluate the conditions of the wound and the ways it is healing (Muller et al., 2017). After evaluation, the nurse should reflect on the interventions and the ways the patient has responded to all the interventions. From these interventions, the nurses should reflect on the experiences gathered and find out ways by which better quality care can be ensured (Farlow et al., 2016). From the above discussion, it becomes clear about how clinical reasoning cycle has helped nurses to develop proper care plans for the patient named Mrs.Mckay. Moreover, it is also helpful in understanding the pathophysiology and determining the symptoms that need to be treated. Therefore, every nursing professional should know the ways about how to conduct each step properly. This would ensure developing of a care plan that would address all the symptoms of the person and help her to develop better quality life. References: lvarez Barbosa, F., Pozo?Cruz, B., Pozo?Cruz, J., Alfonso?Rosa, R. M., Sanudo Corrales, B., Rogers, M. E. (2016). Factors associated with the risk of falls of nursing home residents aged 80 or older.Rehabilitation nursing,41(1), 16-25. Anderson, C., Dolansky, M., Damato, E. G., Jones, K. R. (2015). Predictors of serious fall injury in hospitalized patients.Clinical nursing research,24(3), 269-283. Boltz, M., Capezuti, E., Fulmer, T. T., Zwicker, D. (Eds.). (2016).Evidence-based geriatric nursing protocols for best practice. Springer Publishing Company. Breimaier, H. E., Halfens, R. J., Lohrmann, C. (2015). Effectiveness of multifaceted and tailored strategies to implement a fall-prevention guideline into acute care nursing practice: a before-and-after, mixed-method study using a participatory action research approach.BMC nursing,14(1), 18. Cabrera, E., Sutcliffe, C., Verbeek, H., Saks, K., Soto-Martin, M., Meyer, G., ... Zabalegui, A. (2015). Non-pharmacological interventions as a best practice strategy in people with dementia living in nursing homes. A systematic review.European Geriatric Medicine,6(2), 134-150. Dowsett, C., Dowsett, C. (2015). Breaking the cycle of hard-to-heal wounds: balancing cost and care.Wounds International,6(2), 17-21. Farina, N., Rusted, J., Tabet, N. (2014). The effect of exercise interventions on cognitive outcome in Alzheimer's disease: a systematic review.International Psychogeriatrics,26(1), 9-18. Farlow, M. R., Borson, S., Connor, S. R., Grossberg, G. T., Mittelman, M. S. (2016). Quality improvement in skilled nursing facilities for residents with alzheimers disease.American Journal of Alzheimer's Disease Other Dementias,31(2), 156-162. Gustavsson, J., Bonander, C., Andersson, R., Nilson, F. (2015). Investigating the fall-injury reducing effect of impact absorbing flooring among female nursing home residents: initial results.Injury prevention, injuryprev-2014. Mller, C., Lautenschlger, S., Meyer, G., Stephan, A. (2017). Interventions to support people with dementia and their caregivers during the transition from home care to nursing home care: A systematic review.International journal of nursing studies,71, 139-152. Santamaria, N., Gerdtz, M., Sage, S., McCann, J., Freeman, A., Vassiliou, T., ... Knott, J. (2015). A randomised controlled trial of the effectiveness of soft silicone multi?layered foam dressings in the prevention of sacral and heel pressure ulcers in trauma and critically ill patients: the border trial.International wound journal,12(3), 302-308. Vlaeyen, E., Coussement, J., Leysens, G., Van der Elst, E., Delbaere, K., Cambier, D., ... Dejaeger, E. (2015). Characteristics and Effectiveness of Fall Prevention Programs in Nursing Homes: A Systematic Review and Meta?Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials.Journal of the American Geriatrics Society,63(2), 211-221.